Optimization and green metrics analysis of the liquid-phase synthesis of sec-butyl levulinate by esterification of levulinic acid with 1-butene over ion-exchange resins

Liquid-phase esterification of levulinic acid (LA) with 1-butene (1B) over ion-exchange resins was studied following an experimental design approach aimed at identifying the optimal conditions to synthesize sec -butyl levulinate (SBL) through proposed reaction pathway. Experiments were performed in a temperature range 313–383 K initial molar ratios LA 1B (R° LA/1B ) from 0.4 3. The determined 373 and R° = 0.5 render yields SBL 48.1% 76.8%, respectively. Empirical equations relating obtained, response surface methodology analysis subsequent multiobjective optimization allowed identification maximize simultaneously yield both reactants SBL—that is high concentration ranging 360–370 K. According screening experiments, dense polymer network favors formation. Amberlyst™15 most promising catalyst among tested ones, since it highest conversion very low side reactions extension. A green metrics ascertain sustainability chemical route compare previously reported studies for synthesis. Among scenarios assessed, pathway represents greenest alternative. • Levulinic feasible. entails byproducts High excess favor sec-butyl levulinate. Green points out route. Amberlyst-15 production.